Table ES-4: OU 1 Feasibility Study

TABLE ES-4

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES

Alternative 1. Protection of Human Health & Environment¹
(after Federal institutional control) 2. Compliance with ARARs 3. Long-Term Effectiveness & Permanence² 4. Reduction of Toxicity, Mobility or Volume by Treatment 5. Short-Term Effectiveness³ 6. Implementability 7. Cost

1. No Action with Monitoring Remedial action objectives not met
Residual Risk to future HWMF users:
50 years: 6.3E-02 (6.3E-02)
100 years: 2.0E-02 (2.0E-02) Does not meet ARARs either during or following remediation Not Effective in achieving future use allowable exposure levels

No active reduction of TMV. All contaminated media remains on site
Natural reduction of toxicity by radioactive decay and dispersion only
Overall: Very Low

Remediation Risk Ranking:

Worker - 1 (9 person rem)

Community - 1 None

Readily implemented
Limited technical requirements
Limited administration
Overall: Very Simple
$917,400

2. Engineered Cell

Dispose On Site
>67pCi/g

Remedial action objectives met

Residual Risk to future HWMF users:

50 years: 4.8E-05 (1.5E-04)

100 years: 1.5E-05 (4.3E-05)

Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal
Post-Remediation: Potential siting issue with State as all media remains on site in de facto rad waste disposal facility. Waiver required

Marginally Effective
Highest contaminated soil remains within cell
Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to all contaminated soils dependent on cover maintenance and zoning controls for perpetuity

No reduction of TMV through treatment
Natural reduction of toxicity over time (decay)
Source of direct external exposure shielded and contaminant mobility reduced by cover and liner system
Overall: Low

Remediation Risk Ranking:

Worker - 6 (168 person rem)

Community - 3 (4.4E-10)

Extremely intrusive remediation
Readily implemented/technically feasible
Complex administration requirements due to permitting (siting) issues for cell
Overall: Moderately Complex
$9,236,000

3. Moderate Excavation, Offsite Disposal, and RCRA Cap

Cap 67-600 pCi/g
Excavate/Dispose >600 pCi/g

Remedial action objectives met

Residual Risk to future HWMF users:

50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.1E-05)

100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.5E-05)

Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal
Post-Remediation: Media remaining on site meets secondary action level; however, potential siting issue with State which may require waiver

Effective (if cap maintained)
Highest contaminated soils permanently removed
Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to lower activity contaminated soils dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years

Reduction of TMV through offsite disposal
Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap
Overall: Medium

Remediation Risk Ranking:

Worker - 2 (45 person rem)

Community - 5 (2.6E-07)

Partially intrusive remediation
Readily implemented/technically feasible
Above average administration requirements due to offsite disposal volumes and cap permitting
Overall: Moderately Complex
$15,510,000

4. Large-Scale Excavation and Offsite Disposal

Excavate/Dispose
>67 pCi/g

Remedial action objectives met

Residual Risk to future HWMF users:

50 years: 6.5E-05 (7.1E-05)

100 years: 2.0E-05 (2.1E-05)

Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal
Post-Remediation: Expected compliance since all soils above remediation goals removed from site

Very Effective
Permanent
All contaminated soils above risk-based remediation goals removed
Institutional control period 50 years (vs. 100 years for other alternatives)

Substantial reduction of TMV through offsite disposal; however no treatment is provided
Overall: Very High

Remediation Risk Ranking:

Worker - 4 (90 person rem)

Community - 6 (5.3 E-07)

Extremely intrusive remediation
Readily implemented/technically feasible
Above-average administration requirement due to large offsite disposal volumes
Overall: Moderately Complex
$24,620,000

5. Moderate Excavation, Soil Washing, Offsite Disposal, and RCRA Cap

Cap 67-600 pCi/g
Soil Wash
600-2800 pCi/g
Dispose >2800 pCi/g

Remedial action objectives met

Residual Risk to future HWMF users:

50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.1E-05)

100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.5E-05)

Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal
Post-Remediation: Media remaining on site meets secondary action level; however, potential siting issue with State which may require waiver

Effective (if cap maintained)
Highest contaminated soils removed
Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to lower activity contaminated soils dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years

Reduction of TMV through offsite disposal
Additional reduction in volume via soil washing
Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap
Overall: Relatively High

Remediation Risk Ranking:

Worker - 5 (120 person rem)

Community - 4 (8.8E-08)

Partially intrusive remediation
Readily implemented. Less technically feasible as soil washing of Cs-137 not demonstrated. High remedial O&M
Above-average administration requirements due to large offsite disposal volumes, treatment technology, and cap permitting
Overall: Complex
$15,900,000

6. Moderate Vitrification and RCRA Cap

Cap 67-600 pCi/g
Vitrify >600 pCi/g

Remedial action objectives met

Residual Risk to future HWMF users:

50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.2E-05)

100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.6E-05)

Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal
Post-Remediation: Highest soils vitrified and capped and effectively immobile; however, potential siting issue with State which may require waiver

Effective (if cap maintained)
Highest contaminated soils permanently immobilized and then capped
Permanence to prevent direct external exposure dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years
Permanence to prevent leaching and inadvertent intrusion provided by vitrified mass

Greatest reduction of TMV via treatment
No soils transferred off site
Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap
Overall: Very High

Remediation Risk Ranking:

Worker - 3 (75 person rem)

Community - 2 (None)

Less-intrusive remediation of highest contaminated soils
Limited full-scale use. Promising field study results. High O&M and remediation time
Above-average administration requirements for technology and cap permitting
Overall: Very Complex
$20,140,000

¹ Future HWMF user is assumed to be industrial/commercial. Risks are shown both with the drinking water pathway turned off and on (value in parentheses) for both 50 and 100 years of Federal institutional control.

² Federal/BNL controls assumed to be effective during 50-year control period for all Alternatives.

³ The Remediation Risk Ranking has been presented from lowest (1) to highest (6).

Alternative	1. Protection of Human Health & Environment¹ (after Federal institutional control)	2. Compliance with ARARs	3. Long-Term Effectiveness & Permanence²	4. Reduction of Toxicity, Mobility or Volume by Treatment	5. Short-Term Effectiveness³	6. Implementability	7. Cost
1. No Action with Monitoring	Remedial action objectives not met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 6.3E-02 (6.3E-02) 100 years: 2.0E-02 (2.0E-02)	Does not meet ARARs either during or following remediation	Not Effective in achieving future use allowable exposure levels	No active reduction of TMV. All contaminated media remains on site Natural reduction of toxicity by radioactive decay and dispersion only Overall: Very Low	Remediation Risk Ranking: Worker - 1 (9 person rem) Community - 1 None	Readily implemented Limited technical requirements Limited administration Overall: Very Simple	$917,400
2. Engineered Cell Dispose On Site >67pCi/g	Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.8E-05 (1.5E-04) 100 years: 1.5E-05 (4.3E-05)	Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Potential siting issue with State as all media remains on site in de facto rad waste disposal facility. Waiver required	Marginally Effective Highest contaminated soil remains within cell Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to all contaminated soils dependent on cover maintenance and zoning controls for perpetuity	No reduction of TMV through treatment Natural reduction of toxicity over time (decay) Source of direct external exposure shielded and contaminant mobility reduced by cover and liner system Overall: Low	Remediation Risk Ranking: Worker - 6 (168 person rem) Community - 3 (4.4E-10)	Extremely intrusive remediation Readily implemented/technically feasible Complex administration requirements due to permitting (siting) issues for cell Overall: Moderately Complex	$9,236,000
3. Moderate Excavation, Offsite Disposal, and RCRA Cap Cap 67-600 pCi/g Excavate/Dispose >600 pCi/g	Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.1E-05) 100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.5E-05)	Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Media remaining on site meets secondary action level; however, potential siting issue with State which may require waiver	Effective (if cap maintained) Highest contaminated soils permanently removed Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to lower activity contaminated soils dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years	Reduction of TMV through offsite disposal Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap Overall: Medium	Remediation Risk Ranking: Worker - 2 (45 person rem) Community - 5 (2.6E-07)	Partially intrusive remediation Readily implemented/technically feasible Above average administration requirements due to offsite disposal volumes and cap permitting Overall: Moderately Complex	$15,510,000
4. Large-Scale Excavation and Offsite Disposal Excavate/Dispose >67 pCi/g	Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 6.5E-05 (7.1E-05) 100 years: 2.0E-05 (2.1E-05)	Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Expected compliance since all soils above remediation goals removed from site	Very Effective Permanent All contaminated soils above risk-based remediation goals removed Institutional control period 50 years (vs. 100 years for other alternatives)	Substantial reduction of TMV through offsite disposal; however no treatment is provided Overall: Very High	Remediation Risk Ranking: Worker - 4 (90 person rem) Community - 6 (5.3 E-07)	Extremely intrusive remediation Readily implemented/technically feasible Above-average administration requirement due to large offsite disposal volumes Overall: Moderately Complex	$24,620,000
5. Moderate Excavation, Soil Washing, Offsite Disposal, and RCRA Cap Cap 67-600 pCi/g Soil Wash 600-2800 pCi/g Dispose >2800 pCi/g	Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.1E-05) 100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.5E-05)	Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Media remaining on site meets secondary action level; however, potential siting issue with State which may require waiver	Effective (if cap maintained) Highest contaminated soils removed Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to lower activity contaminated soils dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years	Reduction of TMV through offsite disposal Additional reduction in volume via soil washing Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap Overall: Relatively High	Remediation Risk Ranking: Worker - 5 (120 person rem) Community - 4 (8.8E-08)	Partially intrusive remediation Readily implemented. Less technically feasible as soil washing of Cs-137 not demonstrated. High remedial O&M Above-average administration requirements due to large offsite disposal volumes, treatment technology, and cap permitting Overall: Complex	$15,900,000
6. Moderate Vitrification and RCRA Cap Cap 67-600 pCi/g Vitrify >600 pCi/g	Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.2E-05) 100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.6E-05)	Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Highest soils vitrified and capped and effectively immobile; however, potential siting issue with State which may require waiver	Effective (if cap maintained) Highest contaminated soils permanently immobilized and then capped Permanence to prevent direct external exposure dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years Permanence to prevent leaching and inadvertent intrusion provided by vitrified mass	Greatest reduction of TMV via treatment No soils transferred off site Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap Overall: Very High	Remediation Risk Ranking: Worker - 3 (75 person rem) Community - 2 (None)	Less-intrusive remediation of highest contaminated soils Limited full-scale use. Promising field study results. High O&M and remediation time Above-average administration requirements for technology and cap permitting Overall: Very Complex	$20,140,000