Alternative |
1. Protection of Human Health & Environment1 (after Federal institutional control) |
2. Compliance with ARARs |
3. Long-Term Effectiveness and Permanence2 | 4. Reduction of Toxicity, Mobility or Volume (TMV) by Treatment | 5. Short-Term Effectiveness3 |
6. Implementability | 7. Cost |
1. No Action with Monitoring | Remedial action objectives not met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 6.3E-02 (6.3E-02) 100 years: 2.0E-02 (2.0E-02) |
Does not meet ARARs either during or following remediation | Not Effective in achieving future use allowable exposure levels | No active reduction of TMV. All contaminated media remains on site Natural reduction of toxicity by radioactive decay and dispersion only Overall: Very Low |
Remediation Risk Ranking:
|
Readily implemented Limited technical requirements Limited administration Overall: Very Simple |
$844,000 |
2. Engineered Cell
|
Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.8E-05 (1.5E-04) 100 years: 1.5E-05 (4.3E-05) |
Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Potential siting issue with State as all media remains on site in de facto rad waste disposal facility. Waiver required |
Marginally Effective Highest contaminated soil remains within cell Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to all contaminated soils dependent on cover maintenance and zoning controls for perpetuity |
No reduction of TMV through treatment Natural reduction of toxicity over time (decay) Source of direct external exposure shielded and contaminant mobility reduced by cover and liner system Overall: Low |
Remediation Risk Ranking:
|
Extremely intrusive remediation Readily implemented/technically feasible Complex administration requirements due to permitting (siting) issues for cell Overall: Moderately Complex |
$8,648,000 |
3. Moderate Excavation, Off-site Disposal, and RCRA Cap
|
Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.1E-05) 100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.5E-05) |
Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Media remaining on site meets secondary action level; however, potential siting issue with State, which may require waiver |
Effective (if cap maintained) Highest contaminated soils permanently removed Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to lower activity contaminated soils dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years |
Reduction of TMV through offsite disposal Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap Overall: Medium |
Remediation Risk Ranking:
|
Partially intrusive remediation Readily implemented/technically feasible Above average administration requirements due to offsite disposal volumes and cap permitting Overall: Moderately Complex |
$14,915,000 |
4. Large-Scale Excavation and Offsite Disposal
|
Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 6.5E-05 (7.1E-05) 100 years: 2.0E-05 (2.1E-05) |
Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Expected compliance since all soils above remediation goals removed from site |
Very Effective Permanent All contaminated soils above risk-based remediation goals removed Institutional control period 50 years (vs. 100 years for other alternatives) |
Substantial reduction of TMV through offsite disposal; however, no treatment is provided Overall: Very High |
Remediation Risk Ranking:
|
Extremely intrusive remediation Readily implemented/technically feasible Above-average administration requirement due to large offsite disposal volumes Overall: Moderately Complex |
$24,032,000 |
5. Moderate Excavation, Soil Washing, Offsite Disposal, and RCRA Cap
|
Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.1E-05) 100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.5E-05) |
Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Media remaining on site meets secondary action level; however, potential siting issue with State, which may require waiver |
Effective (if cap maintained) Highest contaminated soils removed Permanence to prevent direct external exposure to lower activity contaminated soils dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years |
Reduction of TMV through offsite disposal Additional reduction in volume via soil washing Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap Overall: Relatively High |
Remediation Risk Ranking:
|
Partially intrusive remediation Readily implemented. Less technically feasible as soil washing of 137Cs not demonstrated. High remedial O&M Above-average administration requirements due to large offsite disposal volumes, treatment technology, and cap permitting Overall: Complex |
$15,304,000 |
6. Moderate Vitrification and RCRA Cap
|
Remedial action objectives met Residual Risk to future HWMF users: 50 years: 4.5E-05 (5.2E-05) 100 years: 1.4E-05 (1.6E-05) |
Remediation: Expected compliance with cleanup goal Post-Remediation: Highest soils vitrified and capped and effectively immobile; however, potential siting issue with State, which may require waiver |
Effective (if cap maintained) Highest contaminated soils permanently immobilized and then capped Permanence to prevent direct external exposure dependent on cap maintenance for 100 years Permanence to prevent leaching and inadvertent intrusion provided by vitrified mass |
Greatest reduction of TMV via treatment No soils transferred off site Additional toxicity and mobility reduction via cap Overall: Very High |
Remediation Risk Ranking:
|
Less-intrusive remediation of highest contaminated soils Limited full-scale use. Promising field study results. High O&M and remediation time Above-average administration requirements for technology and cap permitting Overall: Very Complex |
$19,554,000 |
1 Future HWMF user is assumed to be industrial/commercial. Risks are shown both with the drinking water pathway turned off and on (value in parentheses) for both 50 and 100 years of Federal institutional control.
2 Federal/BNL controls assumed to be effective during 50-year control period for all Alternatives.
3 The Remediation Risk Ranking has been presented from lowest (1) to highest (6).